Free Enterprise

By definition, a free enterprise economy (also known as: capitalism or a free market economy) is an economic system controlled chiefly by the individuals and private companies instead of the government. Characteristics of a free-enterprise system include economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property, and the freedom of profit motive. Capitalist societies generally achieve a higher standard of living because of the incentive to work: capitalism prefers harder and more efficient workers. Economic freedom is a principal of a free market economy, which allows people to decide how they will earn and spend their income.Economy The meaning of private property is those within a capitalist society have the right to buy and sell what they own or produce through market applications. This gives both what they want without the need of government regulation of how much they can trade and at what costs. ic freedom also yields to companies so they may choose which goods and services to prod uce and how much to charge for them based on the wants, or demands of the people. Competition between producers is permitted and this leads to better quality products.The hardest workers are the ones who remain employed t for it raises standards and the level of production. Through this engagement, both the buyer and the seller are free to trade with one another and make economical or material gains off the trade. A free enterprise economy is based on the ideals that private citizens own business and production. A voluntary exchange allows buyers and sellers to engage freely and willingly in the market economy. Profit motive can be described as people and factors of productions improve their well being by making money as they see fit.This regulates the amount and kind of products produced to accommodate the population. The government has no control on what one buys and sells, and workers can work for whomever they wish with no restrictions. In a wealthy free market economy, consumer s are faced with many options and ‘trade offs', so the best of the bests are the ones that survive. For example, homeowners can sell their homes as and when they please and disagree. This is the basic ideal in a capitalist society, people may control their possessions as they wish. Some topics in this essay: economic freedom, market economy, free market economy, profit motive, free market, voluntary exchange, private property, freedom voluntary exchange, exchange private property, voluntary exchange private, exchange private, buyers sellers, economic freedom voluntary, freedom voluntary, free enterprise, nterprise economy (also known as: capitalism or a free market economy) is an economic system controlled chiefly by the individuals and private companies instead of the government. Characteristics of a free-enterprise system include economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property, and the freedom of profit motive.Capitalist societies generally achieve a higher standard o f living because of the incentive to work: capitalism prefers harder and more efficient workers. Economic freedom is a principal of a free market economy, which allows people to decide how they will earn and spend their income. Econom | | | | | | The meaning of private property is those within a capitalist society have the right to buy and sell what they own or produce through market applications. This gives both what they want without the need of government regulation of how much they can trade and at what costs. c freedom also yields to companies so they may choose which goods and services to produce and how much to charge for them based on the wants, or demands of the people. Competition between producers is permitted and this leads to better quality products. The hardest workers are the ones who remain employed t for it raises standards and the level of production. Through this engagement, both the buyer and the seller are free to trade with one another and make economical or ma terial gains off the trade. A free enterprise economy is based on the ideals that private citizens own business and production.A voluntary exchange allows buyers and sellers to engage freely and willingly in the market economy. Profit motive can be described as people and factors of productions improve their well being by making money as they see fit. This regulates the amount and kind of products produced to accommodate the population. The government has no control on what one buys and sells, and workers can work for whomever they wish with no restrictions. In a wealthy free market economy, consumers are faced with many options and ‘trade offs', so the best of the bests are the ones that survive.For example, homeowners can sell their homes as and when they please and disagree. This is the basic ideal in a capitalist society, people may control their possessions as they wish. Some topics in this essay: , economic freedom, market economy, free market economy, profit motive, fre e market, voluntary exchange, private property, freedom voluntary exchange, exchange private property, voluntary exchange private, exchange private, buyers sellers, economic freedom voluntary, freedom voluntary, free enterprise, | | Free Enterprise By definition, a free enterprise economy (also known as: capitalism or a free market economy) is an economic system controlled chiefly by the individuals and private companies instead of the government. Characteristics of a free-enterprise system include economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property, and the freedom of profit motive. Capitalist societies generally achieve a higher standard of living because of the incentive to work: capitalism prefers harder and more efficient workers. Economic freedom is a principal of a free market economy, which allows people to decide how they will earn and spend their income.Economy The meaning of private property is those within a capitalist society have the right to buy and sell what they own or produce through market applications. This gives both what they want without the need of government regulation of how much they can trade and at what costs. ic freedom also yields to companies so they may choose which goods and services to prod uce and how much to charge for them based on the wants, or demands of the people. Competition between producers is permitted and this leads to better quality products.The hardest workers are the ones who remain employed t for it raises standards and the level of production. Through this engagement, both the buyer and the seller are free to trade with one another and make economical or material gains off the trade. A free enterprise economy is based on the ideals that private citizens own business and production. A voluntary exchange allows buyers and sellers to engage freely and willingly in the market economy. Profit motive can be described as people and factors of productions improve their well being by making money as they see fit.This regulates the amount and kind of products produced to accommodate the population. The government has no control on what one buys and sells, and workers can work for whomever they wish with no restrictions. In a wealthy free market economy, consumer s are faced with many options and ‘trade offs', so the best of the bests are the ones that survive. For example, homeowners can sell their homes as and when they please and disagree. This is the basic ideal in a capitalist society, people may control their possessions as they wish. Some topics in this essay: economic freedom, market economy, free market economy, profit motive, free market, voluntary exchange, private property, freedom voluntary exchange, exchange private property, voluntary exchange private, exchange private, buyers sellers, economic freedom voluntary, freedom voluntary, free enterprise, nterprise economy (also known as: capitalism or a free market economy) is an economic system controlled chiefly by the individuals and private companies instead of the government. Characteristics of a free-enterprise system include economic freedom, voluntary exchange, private property, and the freedom of profit motive.Capitalist societies generally achieve a higher standard o f living because of the incentive to work: capitalism prefers harder and more efficient workers. Economic freedom is a principal of a free market economy, which allows people to decide how they will earn and spend their income. Econom | | | | | | The meaning of private property is those within a capitalist society have the right to buy and sell what they own or produce through market applications. This gives both what they want without the need of government regulation of how much they can trade and at what costs. c freedom also yields to companies so they may choose which goods and services to produce and how much to charge for them based on the wants, or demands of the people. Competition between producers is permitted and this leads to better quality products. The hardest workers are the ones who remain employed t for it raises standards and the level of production. Through this engagement, both the buyer and the seller are free to trade with one another and make economical or ma terial gains off the trade. A free enterprise economy is based on the ideals that private citizens own business and production.A voluntary exchange allows buyers and sellers to engage freely and willingly in the market economy. Profit motive can be described as people and factors of productions improve their well being by making money as they see fit. This regulates the amount and kind of products produced to accommodate the population. The government has no control on what one buys and sells, and workers can work for whomever they wish with no restrictions. In a wealthy free market economy, consumers are faced with many options and ‘trade offs', so the best of the bests are the ones that survive.For example, homeowners can sell their homes as and when they please and disagree. This is the basic ideal in a capitalist society, people may control their possessions as they wish. Some topics in this essay: , economic freedom, market economy, free market economy, profit motive, fre e market, voluntary exchange, private property, freedom voluntary exchange, exchange private property, voluntary exchange private, exchange private, buyers sellers, economic freedom voluntary, freedom voluntary, free enterprise, | |

Burger King Ad Analysis Essay

In June of 2009, Burger King released an advertisement for the â€Å"BK Super Seven Incher† for a limited promotion in Singapore. The sexual message that this ad aims to convey is not so much hidden or subliminal as it is blatantly obvious. Not many would be able to simply glance at this ad and then go about their day. Men and women alike are drawn to the ad because they are either attracted to it or offended by it. Effective advertising usually triggers some kind of powerful emotion within its audience. In that respect, this advertisement succeeds with flying colors. Whether it is because of feelings of disgust or attraction, the images in this ad are difficult to ignore which is exactly what the advertiser envisioned happening. Although very ineffective, this ad is still being analyzed today which is quite significant. Burger King’s advertisement effectively creates and manipulates the narrative, layout, and copy to create a strong reaction to sexism and vulgarity wit hin its audience causing them to only focus on the nature of the ad, not how much they want to buy the product. The ad, through its imagery and text, aims to create a fantasy where all a man has to do is hold a burger and young, attractive women will want to have sex with them. Even if men do not consciously think this way, the idea it is still in the back of their minds. In an attempt to create an effective subtext with these images and words, the ad dehumanizes both men and women. On one hand, the woman in the ad is seen as an object who is only useful in sexual situations — hence the focal point of her face, her mouth which is directly in line with the burger. Many have even noted that the woman resembles a blow-up doll which further solidifies the idea of transforming women into sexual devices rather than human beings. On the other hand, a phallic idea is triggered in a man’s mind that to create the notion that size does matter and this ad presents it as the only thing that really does matter when it comes to attracting a woman. It gives men the impression that if they are no t well endowed, women will disregard them unless they are seen eating this burger. The prominent images of this ad cause the audience to have a strong emotional reaction to the ad whether they know it or not. The portion of the advertisement that first catches the audience’s eye is the image of a stunned, fairly artificial looking woman with her mouth agape to a sandwich that seems to be appearing out of nowhere. The sandwich pictured with the woman also looks much thinner and longer than the one pictured at the bottom. The image of the sandwich next to the woman’s mouth creates obvious phallic visualizations within the audience’s minds. The ad’s blatant allusion to oral sex causes the audience to have a strong reaction upon seeing it. The image suggests that upon eating this sandwich, every adjacent woman will be rendered helpless at the sight of a man holding a seven inch burger. The woman also seems to be looking at something out of frame beyond the sandwich. The mysterious item in the shadows that the woman’s eyes are fixed on adds yet another cue a man could subconsciously get by looking at the ad. This allows a man to conjure up any type of scenario within his mind from only the presence of shadows in the ad. Right below is the second-most prominent part of the ad: the words â€Å"It’ll Blow Your Mind Away† in large font with the two largest words in that sentence being â€Å"It’ll Blow.† The ad tends to two very significant aspects of a young man’s life: food and sex. Food is a basic human need but it is not enough to say that this sandwich will satisfy your hun ger, it must also be able to fulfill another desire. The images of this ad indirectly suggest that the sandwich will cater to a man’s hunger as well as his sexual frustration. Along with the suggestive images this ad presents, the words surrounding the artwork bring an equally as obvious but a much more distasteful idea to the mind. In small font at the bottom it reads: â€Å"fill your desire for something long, juicy and flame-grilled† because we all know that a long cake tastes better than a short one. The fact that the sandwich is seven inches long has little to nothing to do with the quality of the sandwich but rather the visualization that this extra long burger evokes while accompanied with the images. As if that was not enough to make a man go cross-eyed, it goes on to add that the burger will make one â€Å"yearn for more† after one taste. The seemingly endless sexually suggestive elements of this ad just causes it to be mulled over in the minds of men and women alike which adds to its effectiveness not to sell a product but to keep the Burger King name in people’s heads. The name of the product in itself is also something to be considered. Without the imagery of the product it would be unclear as to what is being sold. Only in the small text do you see what this product is actually categorized under — a burger. To someone unfamiliar to this ad, the term â€Å"seven incher† could mean a plethora of items, both sexual and non-sexual. Because of the lack of distinction between food and phallus, the audience gets the wrong (or the right) impression of this product. In describing the burger in further detail, the words â€Å"crispy,† â€Å"thick,† and â€Å"hearty† are used to create the idea that not only will you be attracting women from all over the globe, you will also be buying a top-of-the-line meal for the bargain price of $6.25 — an idea any man would be mesmerized by. One long-running advertisement of a similar product could come to mind when faced with an ad centered upon the size of a sandwich — Subway’s â€Å"Five Dollar Foot Long† campaign. Unlike the Burger King ad, the Subway ad features mainly a catchy jingle and cheery imagery. Subway’s advertisers could have easily gone in the route that Burger King did and made the extra long sandwich sexual. Any company would choose not to sexualize their ads in order to avoid excluding the portion of their audience who would not be attracted to or would even be offended by such graphic images. Subway, instead, used positive and healthy imagery using athletes and generally fit people to advertise their product. In 2008, about the time the campaign for the five dollar sandwich began, the U.S. was faced with a financial crisis. As a result, Subway came up with the campaign of a cheap alternative to healthy food. As a result, a very marketable image of their product was created. A notable difference between Burger King’s ad and Subway’s ad is that the â€Å"BK Super Seven Incher† ad had to be taken down right after the backlash ensued; the everyday â€Å"Five Dollar Foot Long† campaign was sustained until Subway was pushed to increase the price of the sandwich due to inflation. Much like an ad targeted to women of all ages that shows young, thin, energetic girls wearing fashionable clothing, this ad creates false scenarios in the minds of males about a situation that eating this burger will put them in. In the past, the appeals of Burger King ads seemed to be based on humor and were aimed towards a more universal audience. Their ads usually include the advertising mascot of the company, â€Å"The King,† who would often be presented in comical situations. The ad, in no way, alienated any group of people which is why it was kept. The problem in advertising today and particularly in this ad is that companies now allow their products to give off the wrong impression in order to get a rise out of people. Despite its limited release, the unnecessarily sexual nature of the ad sparked much discussion around the world. Not long after the backlash, Burger King officials released a statement expressing that the ad was not created by their principal advertising agency, but by a more independent Singapore agency. Although the ad was taken down shortly thereafter, this does not change the fact that Burger King knew what they were getting themselves into in allowing this ad to be released. Excessively sexualizing a product could mean much negative repercussions for a company. Whether Burger King thought they could sell more sandwiches this way or not, they got the publicity that they were striving for. Although the feedback that they were receiving was extremely negative, it successfully got their name in people’s minds which is considered positive for any company. Burger King, by no accident, released an overly sexual ad that could cause any consumer to think twice. In some cases, sex only sells to a point, then it becomes overkill meaning that the ad could work against them if it is deemed â€Å"too sexual.† Done in the right way, sexual ads are very successful but in those cases the ads are very subtle and usually focus on some kind of subliminal message. Burger King’s target audience who are predominately young males will certainly have a strong reaction to the ad but will most likely not be more inclined to buy the product after seeing it in those terms. This ad is a good example of how shock value gets attention but does not effectively sell a product.

Costco Wholesale Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Costco Wholesale Corporation - Essay Example As the discussion highlights even in the uncertain economic condition of 2010, Costco’s sales was 76.3 billion USD which was 9% more compared to 2009 (69.9 billion USD). Costco had tackled the recent financial crisis very effectively and had strong financial position at that time. The case will analyze the effectiveness of Costco’s strategy in achieving huge success in the retail industry. Because of the effective strategy, at present Costco has become one of the leading players and a strong competitor in the market of the USA. The basic assumption of this case study is to evaluate if the strategy of Costco is operative or not. From this paper it is clear that Costco has unique business model as compared to other competitors and it endeavors to bring on certain new aspects in the retail field. The wholesale risk-taking capability has incessantly reinvented Costco and provided the organization a competitive advantage. By the durable perseverance on the highest superiority to earn revenue, Costco has certainly gained the faith of the associates. The faith and status of Costco has permitted the company to enlarge its business. Besides, the wholesale consumer products have also contributed to the success of Costco. Costco’s business model was made on the basis of minimizing the costs and improving the care for the customers and employees . Â  Immigrant Perspective: Costco always tries to stay positive towards the cultural perception by incessantly viewing and grabbing opportunities which are ignored by other organizations. At times, other organizations are reluctant to grab those opportunities when the market condition is not in favor of them. Circular Visualization: Costco had visualized the economic recession and was aware about the changes in retail sector. When Wal-Mart’s cost leadership strategy forced numerous retail companies to make business relationships, Costco’s circular visualization had helped the company to reorganize a new retail distribution channel.

Nutrition low income diet plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nutrition low income diet plan - Essay Example The protein and carbohydrate requirement were at par to RNI and DRV values, though carbohydrates were less in terms of RNI. Unfortunately the fat rich foods were purchased less. Although the fat requirement of 35% was obeyed but there was disparity in intake of trans fatty acids, saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids. This could lead to impairment of transport and absorption of vitamins, less available energy for heavy endurance work, and decreased feeling of satiety. After reorienting her purchase by reducing 1 avocado, white wine and replacing with 12 more French dressings in her diet will not only address the issue of meeting RNI and DRV of fats but will also reduce her expenses by 0.32 pounds and her new expenditure will be 23.3pound/week. This indicates that she will be able to live on a 30 pound weekly income. Introduction Diet Charts are essential to indicate the amount or portions of the various food items that one should consume in the entire day to meet the daily calorie requirements. Calorie requirement depends on the gender of the individual, the type of daily activity undertaken, profession of the individual, specific disease states, and specific clinical conditions like pregnancy, lactation ( Darnton-Hill, Nishida and James,2004:101-121). Diet charts also need to be formulated based on the socioeconomic conditions of the individual and hence there cannot be a concept of universal diet chart (Barker, 2002:17). Calorie requirements are based on the concept of Balanced Diet. A Balanced Diet is one which contains all the necessary macro and micronutrients comprising of carbohydrates, fats and proteins including vitamins and trace elements to meet the daily calorie need of an individual, so that the individual can maintain his or her daily activities and at the same time keeping a good health and preventing the chance of diseases by building body immunity. The calorie requirements of an individual are expressed in the form of Adult Con sumption Units. Adult Consumption Unit expresses the calorie requirement of a person in reference to the average calorie requirement of a reference man, which is normal sedentary adult man. The calorie requirement normally considered at an average of 2400kcal. The different ACU speculated are: The calories are provided by carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Dietary carbohydrates serves the principle source of energy, acts as protein sparers, as metabolic primers for protein and fat metabolisms and also forms the fuel of the Central Nervous system (Lippard and Berg, 1994).50-60% of total calories should come from carbohydrates (McArdle, Katch, and Katch ,2006). The calorific value of carbohydrates is 4.1kcal/gram (Kathleen Mahan, Raymond and Escott-Stump, 2012). Fats are required to supply the required amount of essential fatty acids, to act as dietary vehicles for transport and absorption of vitamins, provide high percentage of energy for heavy endurance work, to bring satiety (Haque and Mozaffar,1992:1351-4). Fat requirement increases with the rise in total calorie requirement because fat have a high calorie value around 9.1 kcal/gram, which is more than proteins or carbohydrates (Berg , Tymoczko, and Stryer 2002:603). The calorific values of proteins are 4.1kcal/gram. A protein containing adequate and balanced amounts of essential amino acids has high nutritive value because its amino acids are promptly incorporated into

Political Economy (Theories of Late Capitalism) Essay

Political Economy (Theories of Late Capitalism) - Essay Example Resultantly, this era also witnessed a transition from traditional culture to Western culture that prevailed in OECD Countries. Frieden also mention the failure of countries from Sub-Sahara Region to catch up the economic progress that took place. Frieden’s ideas on economic progress that took place during last three decades of 20th Century therefore indicate a radical transition to globalization and emergence of new economic changes that took place mostly in East Asia and OECD countries. Rifkin on the other hand however, is of the view that the last three decades of 20th century witnessed a radical shift into the production process as economic evolution took place during the period. Most importantly, Rifkin defined the relationship between the production process and the firms by arguing that the current period was dominated by the control of ideas and concepts of the employees. The production process which historically dependent on the control of raw materials wherein modern production processes depended on the knowledge based workers. The creation of knowledge based societies therefore were the most instrumental objects which brought the necessary change into the production process. As the labor force became more skilled and knowledgeable, the essential relationship between the labor and production process change fundamentally to accommodate the basic changes that emerge as a result of this shift into the production processes. Thus Rifkin view last three decades as periods of history in which production process and its relationship with other objects changed radically. Harvey, however, views post modernity not as a unique case and consider it as a constant aspect of capitalism and relate it to the phenomenon which is cultural specific. This view is relatively contradictory as compared to the views of Frieden or even Rifikin. Frieden view the last three decades of previous

The Barriers of Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Barriers of Critical Thinking - Essay Example Some of these barriers are discussed briefly as follows: Self-serving bias refers to the tendency of individuals to elevate the perception of self in a manner that helps them in protecting their self-esteem. This concept entails that people do not always think about and perceive things as they since it results in self-criticism and viewing themselves in an unpleasant light (Kirby, Goodpaster, and Levine 1999). While self-confidence is a critical element for success, however over-confidence in one’s own abilities acts as a barrier to success since it prevents us from analyzing our weaknesses and overseeing our flaws, leading to disastrous results in the long run. Example: A strong sense of belief in one’s abilities and the perception that you are more intelligent and capable than others; tendency to shift the blame regarding any negative experiences or outcomes in your life on others and refusing to accept responsibility for own decisions or actions; a strong sense of belief in becoming a famous actor despite having absolutely no talent and being told so by those around you are some of the examples of self-serving bias. According to Glabraith (2004) hegemonic assumptions refer to the assumptions individuals embrace willingly in a bid to protect their best interests (p. 342) and safeguard them from any impending hurt or any other similar negative feelings such as guilt, anxiety, or fear. Such hegemonic assumptions prevent us from critically analyzing things as they are and blinds us from pursuing our best interests. Example: A strong belief in one’s friends or relatives and blindly following their advice without thinking or analyzing the intended purpose and expected outcome is one example of hegemonic assumptions. It refers to the tendency among individuals to perceive reality with a highly biased attitudes based on stereotypes and unwarranted

Emerging Technologies in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emerging Technologies in Accounting - Essay Example For the order to be recorded for the delivery date requested, the valid product ids and quantities will need to be entered after the event. If the delivery date requested also needs to be checked for feasibility, the database must have information on the 1) Stocks available for the products ordered; 2) List of all orders scheduled between now and the requested date for the products; 3) Balance capacity available for fulfilling this order. No obligations would be recorded in the Accounting books at this stage. However, the Company accepts the obligation to supply the products by the delivery date; and the customer accepts the obligation to receive and pay for the goods as per the order’s terms. Event b: When the system schedules the production of goods the information needed from the database are 1) Free stocks available for each product ordered; 2) Bill of materials required for the products ordered; 3) Stocks of raw materials available; 4) Production operations to be performed and the time required for each operation; 5) Machinery, Equipment, and Labor required for the operations and their availability Event c: For the system to schedule raw material orders from the vendors, the information needed in the database are 1) Raw material requirements for the goods, based on Bill of Materials; 2) Preferred vendors for the raw materials; 3) Vendor rates; 4) Lead time for supply of the raw materials. Event d: For the raw materials to be received and stored, the database should have information relating to 1) The order placed with the vendors, i.e., Vendor Id, Order No, Order date, Desires Delivery date, Raw material id, quantity, price, Delivery terms, and Payment terms; 2) Goods acceptance details based on inspection of the raw materials supplied.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative and Qualitative - Research Paper Example The articles contained in the chapter by Mertler & Charles (2011) major on identifying substance abuse issues in high schools. The author of the article does not take account of the purpose of the research; rather the author goes ahead and writes on what the survey depicts. The purpose of a research is vital since it acts as an eye opener to the readers on what the survey research focuses on, and thus the reader can follow through easily. Organization In the article on maternity deaths, the organization of ideas is clear; the author gives the heading, clearly outlines the purpose of the study and then writes an abstract followed by the body which gets segmented into various subtopics. The body has the various methods of data collection, the results and analysis of the results. Mertler & Charles (2011) then stipulates the problems experienced during the research study and gives a brief conclusion. The author in the provided article on drug use by high school organizes the research wor k systematically. Though the researcher does not give the purpose, there is a clear introductory statement. Organization of any survey research is vital since it helps readers to capture every detail included in the reading. Data collection and analysis Considering research on the drug use by high school students, the data is outlined in terms of the percentage levels. The author, for example, states that 35.4 percent of students in 10th grade used drugs while the students who used drugs in 12th grade constitute of 48.6 of the student population. This is seen in the research on maternity deaths, and it helps when coming up with the discussion to act as evidence that the information is authentic (Mertler & Charles, 2011). Conclusions The authors have different ways of concluding their research. The author in the American Journal gives a brief discussion of the research and declares the research relevant while the author in the chapter reading concludes by giving future guidelines on alienating the vice. Both conclusions are vital to ensure that all information is included and renders the research relevant. According to Mertler & Charles (2011), correlational research involves observations by a researcher regarding to a previous situation and in this research there is no intervention from the researcher. In other types of research, researchers manipulate the current situation and check the results of the preliminary manipulations. When dealing with intended results, correlation research identifies the association between two factors or more than two factors while other types of research concentrate on the learning of how changes in a factor affect another factor. Other types of research focus on exclusive types such as experiments for experimental research while Correlational research deals with case studies, survey research, naturalistic observations and archival research. In experimental research, as well as quasi-experimental research, the researchers need to perform actual experiments so as to get exact results regarding the experiment. This implies that the experiment conducted especially in research laboratories forms the basis for the data sources. Though data from previous research may be useful, many researchers who want accurate and authentic results prefer to carry out their own experiments but also use the previous results as reference points for their experiments. Actual

Problem Gambling Essay Example for Free

Problem Gambling Essay She took one last look out the window as they drove away, the tears streaming down her face. At the age of four, her world had fallen apart. Karina’s life started out as a perfect middle-class family, and soon turned into a broken mess. They had everything, a perfect house in a really nice part of the city, a nice car; everything was wonderful. As Karina got older, she began to notice things weren’t perfect. Her dad was never there. He was always out gambling in one way or another. â€Å"As time progressed we lost the car, and other possessions due to my dad’s gambling problem. It’s not only about gambling and the money. When people gamble, they do other stupid things, he had an affair. My parents decided to get a divorce. My dad didn’t argue, in fact he said that for the safety of our family it would probably be better because a lot of people were angry at him for what he owed them. It was all because of gambling and snowballed into a mess that could have been really dangerous for my mom and me had we stayed around. I’m sad that my life played out in that way at such a young age, and it’s very unfortunate. I know that if he wouldn’t have had gambling around none of those things would have taken place and we would probably still be the family that we were, but unfortunately that’s not how it played out. † Although many people think that legalizing gambling will have a great effect on the economy, I think the negative effects are much more evident. People’s views on subjects often have to do with their ethics. Ethics, as defined by Seiler and Beall, are an individual’s system of moral principles. My ethics lead me to believe that gambling is wrong because I was raised to believe that my family is more important than economic wealth. As it is evident in the story above, gambling can have a major negative effect on someone’s life, and so it is too much of a risk to legalize this dangerous game. Three main reasons that gambling should be kept illegal are that gambling creates tension among the family members, gambling increases crime in the society, and the addiction to gambling is too great for many to overcome. The first reason that gambling should be kept illegal is that gambling creates tension among the family members as the money that should be used for the family is being spent on gambling. Even though gambling might, in some cases, bring money into the state and local economies, there are side effects to having a casino down the street. Forshey (1998) states, â€Å"The gambling jobs, taxes, and recreational values provided by the industry cannot compensate for the social pain-in the form of bankruptcies, white-collar crime, divorce, a compromised political process, an increase in alcoholism-it inflicts. † The drain of a working person’s money that wager’s his or her paycheck and loses is not compensated with the amount of jobs a casino brings to a community. Gambling is a greedy industry that produces nothing more than empty hopes, empty dreams and empty wallets. Anderson states, â€Å"Proponents argue that state lotteries are an effective way to raise taxes painlessly. But the evidence shows that legalized gambling often hurts those who are poor and disadvantaged. † Without casino gambling, many local citizens would spend their money on groceries or clothes, instead of reducing their savings on gambling. As William Thompson states in his article â€Å"Gambling: A Controlling Substance,† It [gambling] is a pleasure, like other entertainment, but in that regard, it is an expensive pleasure. † Thompson then continues with this thought: â€Å"Politicians must recognize that the benefits of gambling are bounded by market structures. Gambling money does not grow on trees. It comes out of the pockets or real people, who otherwise would have spent it on something else. † All of this evidence shoes that gambling should be kept illegal because it creates tension among the family members as the money that should be used for the family is being spent on gambling. A second reason that gambling should be kept illegal is that gambling increases the amount of crime within a society. Gambling often becomes associated with crime, a relationship that seems quite understandable. Not only does gambling continue to be illegal in some forms which makes it a crime to participate in, but also the second half of the issue occurs when gambling increases the amount of street crime in a surrounding area. Crime rates have been significantly higher in places that allow gambling. Kindt states, â€Å"Atlantic City showed a jump in crime when gambling was legalized. The city went from 50th in the nation in per capita crime to first. Problem gamblers may also become more likely to have financial troubles and use illegal activities as a way to pay off their debts and keep up their unhealthy habit. † This graphic shows a report done by the U. S. Department of Justice studied people that were arrested in Las Vegas and Des Moines, Iowa. The results show many connections between gambling and crime. â€Å"More than 30 percent of pathological gamblers who had been arrested in Las Vegas and Des Moines reported having committed a robbery within the past year, nearly double the percentage for low-risk gamblers. Nearly one-third admitted that they had committed the robbery to pay for gambling or to pay gambling debts. In addition, about 13 perfect said they had assaulted someone to get money. † As is evident, gambling should be kept illegal because it increases the amount of crime within a society. We will now look at the last reason why gambling should be kept illegal. Finally, a third reason that gambling should be kept illegal is that the addiction to gambling is too great for many to overcome, resulting in psychological problems for the gambler. Some people argue that if a person wants to gamble badly enough they will do it. They say that one will be able to control his or herself and only gamble when it’s appropriate, but gambling is an addiction that some people can’t escape. The addiction is a nationwide problem, and as much a part of gambling as the dice. As an article in the Omaha World Herald states, â€Å"Problem gambling is the urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequence or the desire to stop, and pathological gambling involves wagering to such excess that it has a severe negative effect on the gambler’s life. † Getting hooked on gambling comes mainly from the action and thrill, an experience chemically the same as those with inhaled substances. They fall under the spell of action. Action is an aroused, joyous state involving excitement, tension, and anticipation of the outcome of a gambling event. It is the thrill of living on the edge. Gambling has little to do with money and everything to do with the feelings of a gambler. William Thompson states, â€Å"People will lie to themselves, also in calculating the money because they don’t want to tell themselves that they were foolish about gambling. † Problem gamblers describe gambling as â€Å"highs† similar to that experienced from many drug substances. Some experience these sensations when just thinking about gambling. How is a person supposed to avoid gambling if he or she is constantly being surrounded with opportunities to place bets and be involved in the â€Å"action†? As Frey suggests casinos increase the number of problem gamblers, and make it that much more difficult to stop for those already addicted. In order to stop the number of pathological gamblers from increasing, the amount of gambling in the United States must decrease as a whole. Pathological gamblers were twice as likely to describe their general health as fair to poor over the past two years and were more likely to acknowledge mental or emotional problems. Rates of alcohol and drug dependence, job loss, and bankruptcy were also significantly higher for pathological gamblers relative to non-gamblers. According to Weinstock and Meyers, â€Å" Almost 20 percent of the people diagnosed as pathological gamblers file for bankruptcy compared to the less than 5 percent of those in the general population. † Percentage of Population with Gambling Problems In order to stop the number of pathological gamblers from increasing, the amount of gambling in the United States must decrease as a whole. As is evident in this bar graph the amount of people with gambling disorders has greatly increased. According to Weinstock and Meyers, â€Å"Recent studies have found that approximately 2 percent of Americans have had severe levels of disordered gambling at some point in their lifetime. Alarmingly, the rate in the Mid-South is even higher. Studies with Mississippi and Louisiana reveal that about 5 percent of the residents in Mississippi have a gambling problem, while in New Orleans, Louisiana 8 percent of the population reported significant problems because of their gambling. † Gambling should be kept illegal because the addiction to gambling is too great for many, even adolescents to overcome. According to Welte, Barnes, Tidwell, and Hoffman, â€Å"Over 2% of U. S. adolescents have experienced problem gambling (i. e. , sub-clinical pathological gambling) in the past year. Females have a . 1% problem gambling rate, and males a 4. 2% problem gambling rate within the past year. † If we don’t put a stop to this now the future of pathological gambling will continue. Regrettably, these pathological gamblers will most likely have to deal with many adverse life events because of their addiction. Many problem gamblers are under so much stress, they commit domestic violence or suicide. There are other, less dangerous ways to find entertainment. So many people suffer every day from their addiction to gambling. The United States should put a stop by banning the gambling industry, and therefore eliminating the harmful side effects of legalized gambling. All of this evidence shows that gambling should be kept illegal because the addiction to gambling is far too great for some people to overcome, resulting in psychological problems for the gambler. The negative effects of gambling out-weigh the positive. The tension created among family members, increased crime in society, and the addiction resulting in psychological problems are just too great of a risk for the people of our society to undergo. So the next time you walk into a casino, remember Karina’s story and how the gambling may affect your life, because even if you’re willing to take the chance, odds are the negative effects of gambling will leave you unlucky in life. It is important for all of you to take note of the consequences and refrain from gambling. Staying away from the dangers of gambling, and setting an example to others is extremely important. No matter what type of personality you have, you can be an influence to others and help stop the spread of gambling all over the nation. I want to challenge you that if you know someone that gambles or you yourself gamble share what you know about gambling and try to put a stop to the habit! References: * Anderson, K. Gambling. Gambling Probe Ministries. Retrieved October 31, 2001 from http://www. probe. org/site/c. fdKEIMNsEoG/b. 4219137/k. C8BD/Gambling. htm * Brandt, K. (Personal communication, October 21, 2011) * Forshey, G. E. (1998). Lonely crusade: Fighting the Gambling Industry. The Christian Century. Retrieved October 31, 2011 from http://vnweb. hwwilsonweb. com/hww/results/getResults. jhtml? _DARGS=/hww/results/results_common. jhtml. 35 * Kindt, J. (1994). The Economic Impacts of Legalized Gambling Activities. Drake Law Review, 40 (1), 50-87. Retrieved October 26, 2011 from https://www.ideals. illinois. edu/handle/2142/16297 * Meyers, A. Whelan, J. Weinstock. (June 1998). Gambling: When it is not a Game Anymore. Business Perspectives, 16-22. Retrieved October 27, 2011 from http://www. allbusiness. com/specialty-businesses/291076-1. html * Problem Gambling: Be aware of warning signs. Omaha World Herald. (March, 19, 2010). Retrieved October 23, 2011 from Library. * Seiler, W. J. and Beall, M. L. (2009). Communication and Ethical Behavior. In Communication: Making Connections (8th Ed) (pp. 8-9). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Allyn.

Milk Products Essay Example for Free

Milk Products Essay There has been an increase in income of milk and gradually development have broadened the knowledge of consumers. They have now became choosy resulting in monitoring needs, identifying opportunities and create value. It is the market place not the factory that ultimately determines which company will succeed. Marketing is practiced not only by manufacturing concern their channel members but all kinds of individuals and organization. No politician can get the required votes to win and no â€Å"resort† the needed tourist to flourish without developing and carrying out the sound marketing plans. Authentic market practice is not the art of selling what you make so much as knowing what to make. It is the art of identifying and understanding customer’s needs and coming up with solution that satisfy them and produces riches for firm’s profitability. As we all know, future is always uncertain. More precisely when there is volley of brilliant competitors and each wants to be the market leader. So in the light of intense competition satisfaction through product innovation maintaining the standard quality therein, failing which no amount or deal of promotional measure or scheme can compensate at length. Competitive forces have compelled the companies to focus on specific segment of the market with frequent product innovation and rather new products and launching thereof with greater confidence. The present study gives special emphasis on the Financial Trend Analysis Of Parag Dairy. The entire study has been divided into chapters and further subdivided into segments from each dealing with a separate aspect in a simple and lucid style and clarification has been given top priority throughout the project. CHAPTER 1 ABOUT LUCKNOW PRODUCER’S CO OPERATIVE MILK UNION LTD. Sections-1. 1: INTRODUCTION. Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh . Total area of district is 2528 square km 91588 hactare is cultivated land . Lucknow producer’s cooperative milk union ltd. (Parag dairy lucknow) was established in 1938. Lucknow milk is the first cooperative dairy established in India . Very few people know the fact the process developed by Lucknow Milk Union was later used in spirit in Gujrat co operative milk movement and is now famous as â€Å"anand pattern† . Lucknow milk union was then chosen as one of the model dairy to Implement operation flood programme started by national dairy development board (NDDB)in 1970. The aim of Lucknow milk union is to provide reasonable price to farmer thereby defending them from exploitation of milk vendors and earn supplementary income part from agriculture . On the other hand the milk union supplies high quality pure milk and milk products at reasonable prices to urban consumer under the brand name â€Å"parag†. The milk union has been running â€Å"clean milk mand breed conservation programmes† UPDASP where milk producer have been educated in producing and supplying milk under clean and hygienic condition and provided the producer with semen of pure Indian breed for the improvement of the present breed of animal. Lucknow milk union is established Auto milk collection unit (AMCU) in societies for giving transparent payment system for milk given by farmer. By the established of these machine farmer are getting full price and actual detail of fat and snf of their milk . presently AMCU are running successfully in 259 societies 27 bulk milk coolers are established in various rural area of lucknow for keeping high quality of milk procured in those area by milk societies Lucknow milk union has set up of teams for quality check and health awareness programme for the urban consumer of milk. The team visit different localities in city, test their milk and provide on the spot results to the consumer . the milk union also organize school children’s visit to its dairy plant to create awareness on milk procrssing and other related system amongst them. The milk union has obtained ISO and HACCP certification in year 2007. For coming months lucknow milk union has commited itself to provide a minimum of 160000 liters of high qualities â€Å"parag† milk per day to the urban consumers. Apart from selling milk in pouches, the milk union is also gearing itself to provide fresh loose milk to the city consumers. Towards this end, the milk supply vehicles insulated with Japanese eco- friendly standards have already been introduced in various area of the city. 87 all time milk booth(ATM) are established for supply of high quality milk to the consumers round the clock. Lucknow milk union is able to maintain high quality standards in its milk and milk products through close monitoring of processes in all its stages of production, processing and packaging. The constant increase in the sales figure of the milk union are a reflection of their sincere efforts and the growing confidence of the consumers in parag milk products. The organization has a chain of around 2000 agent providing employment to the unemployed youths door to door milk delivery system through mini insulated tanker thru commission agent with attractive commission rates has been started in the city . the requirement for this system is to have a mini insulated tanker for which one has to arrange finance upto rs 50000/- himself and rest amount comes through bank finance. The new milk products launched by the milk union such as chhena kheer, besan laddoo, and chhachh, gulabjamun etc have begin tickling the taste buds of the consumers giving them great pleasure and value for money. INDIAN DAIRY INDUSTRY World’s largest food factory, in celebration India Dairy. com invites you to world’s highest milk producers. And all set to find out more about their achievements. Here you can find about answer to every question about dairy. Be it investors, researchers, entrepreneurs or the merely curious Indian dairy. It has something for everyone. Today India is ‘The Oyster’ of the Global dairy industry. It offers opportunities galore to entrepreneurs Worldwide, who wish to capitalize on one of the world’s largest and fastest growing market for milk and milk products. A bagful of â€Å"pearls† awaits the international dairy processor in India . The Indian dairy industry is rapidly growing , trying to keep pace with the galloping progress around the world .As he expands his overseas operations to India , many profitable options awaits him. He may transfer technology, sign joint ventures or use India as a sourcing center for regional exports. The liberalization of Indian economy beckons to MNC’s and foreign investors alike . India has one of the largest livestock population in the world. Fifty percent of the buffaloes and twenty percent of the cattle in the world are found in India, most of which are milk cows and buffaloes. Dairy development in India has been acknowledged the world over as one of modern India’s most successful developmental programme. Today, India is the largest milk producing country in the world. Milk and milk products is rated as one of the most promising sectors which deserves appreciation in a big way. When the world milk production registered a negative growth of 2 percent, India performed much better with 4 percent growth. The total milk production is over 72 million tones and the demand for milk is estimated at around 80 million tonnes. By 2005, the value of Indian dairy produce is expected to be Rs. 1,000,000 million. In the last six years foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs. 3600 million which is about oneforth of the total investment made in this sector. Manufacture of casein and lactose, largely being imported presently, has good scope. Exports of milk products have been decanalised. The milk surplus states in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing of milk products is concentrated in these milk surplus States. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector The production of milk products i. e. milk products including infant milk food, malted food, condensed milk cheese stood at 3. 07 lakh tonnes in 1999-2000. Production of milk-powder including infant milk-food had risen to 2. 25 lakh tons in 1999-2000, whereas that of malted food is at 65000 tons. The trends in production of milk products in India is given in Annexure 1. Cheese and condensed milk production stands at 5000 and 11000 tonnes respectively. Some plants are coming-up for producing lactose, casein and improved cheese varieties. Livestock Population India is rich in its livestock wealth. It accounts for nearly 15. 8% of the world cattle population, more than half of the world buffalo population. As per FAO production year book 1998, the population of cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats in the world and in India is given in Annexure 2. As per the 1992 livestock census of Ministry of Agriculture, highest cattle population was reported in Madhya Pradesh(28. 68 million nos. ) followed by Uttar Pradesh (25. 63 million nos. ) Bihar (22. 15 million nos. ) Maharashtra (17. 44 million nos. ) and West Bengal (17. 45 million nos. ). According to livestock census the highest population of buffaloes is reported in U. P. (20. 08 million nos. ) followed by A. P. (9. 15 million nos. ), M. P. (7. 97 million nos. ) and Rajasthan (7. 74 million nos). Production of Milk and Milk Products. The milk production was almost stagnant between 1947 to 1970 with an annual growth rate of merely one percent Livestock accounts for nearly 15. 8% of the world cattle population, more than half of the world buffalo population. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector which has since registered a vigorous growth of over 4. 5% per annum after the year 1970. The production of milk in India has been increasing steadily as shown in Annexure 3. The major milk producing states are UP, Punjab, Rajasthan, M. P, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Number of milk products manufacturing Plants have come up in these states for Processing of milk. Present Status The Five Year Plan, achieving an annual output of over 60 million tonnes of milk. This not only places our industry second in the world after the United States, but represents sustained growth in real availability of milk and milk products for our burgeoning population. Most important, dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families. Improved genetic material achieved primarily through cross breeding of cattle and upgrading of the national buffalo herd has played a significant role in increasing the productivity. Gradual extension of improved husbandry practices; increase in consumption of balanced concentrates made possible, in part, through innovations in the field of nutrition; expanded area under fodder; greater access to veterinary care; and advances in the fight against endemic and epidemic cattle diseases have also contributed to increased production and productivity. About three quarters of the milk produced is consumed at the household level. Of the milk supplied to the market, about 9-11 percent is processed in over 275 dairy plants and Dairying has become an important secondary source of millions of rural families. 6 Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector 83 milk product factories operated by cooperative, private dairy processors, and government milk schemes in the oroganized sector. Milk channeled through Operation Flood cooperatives is generally processed in dairy plants located in the rural areas and then transported into cities and towns. Operation Flood Milk productions account for about 1 0% of total milk production or 40% of the marketed output. The balance (about 90% of total production) is handled by the private traders and processors. About 45% of milk production is consumed as fluid milk. About 35% is processed into butter or ghee; about 7% is processed into Paneer (cottage cheese) and other cheeses, about 4% is converted into milk powder; and the balance is used for other products such as Dahi (yoghurt) and sweet meats. In recent years, there has been an increasing ice cream production as foreign companies have invested in India. Industry Segments: 1. Cheese The organised cheese market including its variants like processed cheese, cheese spreads, mozzarella, flavoured and spiced cheese, is placed at around Rs 3 bn. Processed cheese at 50% of the overall market is Rs. 1. 5 bn strong. The next most popular variant is cheese spread claiming a share of around 30% of the total cheese market. The market is primarily an urban phenomenon and is know to be growing at around 15%. The market for cheese cubes slices and tins is growing. The flavoured cheese segment has been declining. About 45% of milk production is consumed as fluid milk. About 35% is processed into butter o r or ghee is processed into paneer(cottage cheese) and other cheeses, about 4% is converted into milk powder; and the balance is used for other products such as Dahi (yoghurt) and sweet meats. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector 7 operator in the branded cheese market in India with about 60% market share in the branded market. It pioneered the market for processed, branded cheese. What GCMMF did was to develop the technology to make cheese from buffalo milk. World over it is made from cow milk. Annexure 4 gives the market size of cheese in India. Other cheese manufacturers are : Britannia Industries, Dynamix Dairy Industries (DDI), Hiranandani, ETA and Metro. 2. Ice Cream The ice cream market in India is estimated to have reached the level of Rs. 10 bn per annum, of which the organized sector is about Rs. 6 bn. The unorganised market has been shrinking. The per capita ice cream consumption in the country is extremely low at 250 ml per year compared with that of the US, which is about 22 litre. The organised market for ice creams of about 60 mn litres,has been growing at around 15% per annum. The ice cream industry has, in a short span of time, undergone a structural transformation. Annexure 5 (a) and 5 (b) shows the growth of market size of Ice Cream in India and the market structure of this segment respectively. 3. Chocolates The Chocolates market is estimated at 35,000 tonnes valued at approximately Rs. 8. 0 bn. The chocolate counter market is worth nearly Rs. 2. 5 to 3. 5 bn and the rest is made up of chocolate bars. Chocolates in fact make up less than a fourth of the sweet-tooth products including sugar boiled confectionery mints and chewing gums. Sugar confectionery is by far the largest segment with a share market growth rates indicate that the cheese market in India is growing steadily. The organised market for ice creams of about 60 mn litres has been growing at around 15% per annum. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector exceeding 60%. Annexure 6 (a) and 6 (b) gives the market size are structure of chocolate market in India. 4. Dairy Whiteners The organised dairy industry processes an estimated 15% of the total milk output in India. The industry has maintained a high growth profile, especially in the wake of the Operation Flood, colloquially also termed as White Revolution, initiated in early 1980s. Today India produces over 80 mn tonnes of milk annually. In terms of value, the total milk economy is estimated at Rs. 1200 bn. The market for dairy whiteners (commercially know as beverage milk powders and condensed milk) and creamers is around Rs. 2,750 mn. The growth of market size of dairy whiteners in the last 10 years is given in Annexure 7 (a) and 7 (b). Apart from MNCs like Nestle and companies like Britannia, the Indian enterprises have also made perceptible progress. Names like Amul, Sapan, Vijaya, Mohan, Parag and several others have been seen in the marketplace with their whiteners. Aseptically packed creamer in miniportions is widely used in the west, but has yet to enter the Indian market. Aseptically packed creamer involves techniques to impart a longer shelf life to the product. It is packed in small cups ready to be poured into a cup of tea or coffee. Creamer is fresh milk with increased fat content (upto 12%) and is aseptically packed after undergoing Ultra Heat Treatment (UHT) at 140oC. Its introduction will affect the existing whitener market as a natural milk product with a longer shelf life. The organised dairy industry processes an estimated 15 % of the total milk output in India. The industry has maintained a high growth profile, especially in the wake of the Operation Flood, col loquial ly also termed as White Revolution , initiated nearly 1980s. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector The potential for exports; especially to neighbouring countries and the countries in the Middle east, the Gulf and Africa, also exist and could be exploited. 5. Baby Foods Conventionally, foods (solids, semi-solids and liquids)badministered to babies of upto two years of age are classified as baby foods. In some cases, however, baby foods are continued to be given to children older than of two years depending on socio-economic, health-related and geosocietal conventions. The concept of packaged baby foods is relatively recent in India. The traditional homemade foods have dominated this sector until the induction of packaged foods mostly from multinational companies. Baby foods have assumed special significance in the recent years because of greater awareness of hygiene and health and constraints on time of busy mothers. A reliable, healthy, convenient and readyto-use baby food is the requirement of the day. India is catching up with the rest of the developed world in this area rater fast. A comparison of growth rates over the last 10 years shows that these has been a steady rise of market size. Annexure 8 (a) and 8 (b) gives the market size and the market structure of baby foods in India. The packaged food products for babies are broadly classified into a) cereal-based such as Nestum; b) cereal-based with milk such as Farex, Cerelax, c) milk-based such as Lactogen, d) ready-to-feed liquids, and e) rusks and biscuits. Infant milk foods constitute the most significant segment. The potential for exports;especially to neighbouring countries and the countries in the Middle east, the Gulf and Africa, exist and could be exploited. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector. 6. Biscuits and Bakery Products The Indian bakery industry is dominated by the small-scale sector with an estimated 50,000 small and medium-size producers, besides the 15 units in the organised sector. Apart from the nature of the industry which gravitates to the markets and caters to the local tastes, the industry is widely dispersed. The two major bakery products, biscuits and bread, account for 82% of all bakery production. The unorganised sector accounts for about two-thirds of the total biscuits production estimated at 1. 3 mn tonnes. It also accounts for 80% of the total bread production which is estimated at 1. 5 mn tonnes and around 90% of the other bakery products estimated at 0. 6 mn tonnes. The last includes pastries, cakes, buns, rusks and others. Annexure 9 (a) and 9 (b) gives the growth of market size of biscuits over the last ten years. Biscuit is estimated to enjoy around 37% share by volume and 75% by value of the bakery industry. The organized sector caters to the medium and premium segments, which are relatively less price-sensitive. The organised sector is unable to compete at the lower price range due to the excise advantage enjoyed by the informal sector. The organised segment in biscuits has witnessed a steady growth of about 6%, conforming broadly to the growth rate of GDP. The production crossed the one-million tone mark in 1995-96 which has now grown by estimated 30%. The size of the bread market is estimated at Rs. 13 bn. There are a number of producers in both sectors, organised and unorganised. From a low priced commodity, bread has The two major bakery products , biscuits and bread, account for 82% of all bakery production. Biscuit is estimated to enjoy around 37% share by volume and 75% by value of the bakery industry. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector graduated into a branded product with discriminating prices. 7. Confectionery The Indian confectionery market includes sugar boiled confectionery, hard-boiled candies, toffees and other sugarbased candies. In 2000, sugar boiled confectionery had penetrated an estimated 15% of the households only, suggesting a large potential for growth. There are about 5,000 units catering to the local markets. The total volume of the sugar boiled confectionery market in the organised sector (comprising plain / hard-boiled candies, toffees, eclairs and gums) is around 125,000 tonnes. Add to this the unorganized sector and the market for all types of confectionery is of the order of 250,000 tpa. That translates into 66% market share of the unorganized sector by volume. In value terms it is less than 50%. The sector’s expansion at a rate of 25% in 1998 had dropped to 17% in 1999 and registered a negative growth of 2% in 2000. In the long run it is slated to grow at 8 to 10% annually. The growth in the size of the confectionery market is gives as Annexure 10 (a). The total volume of the sugar boiled confectionery market in the organised sector is around 125,000 tonnes. Add to this the norganized sector and the market for all types of confectionery is of the order of 250,000 tpa. Exports: Export of certain milk products like milk powder, ghee and butter was canalised uptil 1993. With the objective of promoting exports of milk products, the Govt. have dechannelised the export of these milk products with effect from mid 1993. According to the EXIM Policy for 1997- 2002, the policy for export of these milk products is as under: Powder milk (skimmed or full Cream) whole and infant milk food, pure milk Ghee and Butter, except when exported as branded products in consumer packs, not exceeding 5 kgs in weight, will be exempted from the following conditions : 1) Quantitative i ceiling as may be notified by the DGFT from time to time. 2) registration-cum-allocation certificate issued by agricultural and processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). The Director General of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce vide Public Notice No. 48/RE-98/1997-2002 dated 13th October, 1998 have removed the quantitative ceiling for export of powder milk and ghee and their export is now freely allowed. However, butter, if exported in packaging exceeding 5 kg. in weight, continues to be under the quantitative ceilings. Products for exports Skimmed Milk Powder, Whole Milk Powder, Ghee, Butter, Cheese, Condensed Milk, Casein etc. are some of the milk products being exported from India. With the objective of promoting exports of milk products, the Govt. have dechannelised the export of these milk products with effect from mid 1993. The export figures of dairy products during the last five years are given in Annexure 11. Major Destinations- UAE (43%), Nepal (19%), Bangladesh(12%) Future Markets South East Asia, Russia and Africa will be the emerging market for Indian dairy products. In the immediate future, there is prospect of an additional demand of over 3 million tonnes of milk products in the ASEAN region alone. The EU dairy exports will become limited by GATT agreements, while Australia-New Zealand do not have adequate production capacity. Equally significant is the rise of Russia as the world’s biggest dairy importer. Although by far the biggest milk producer in Europe, the Russian output has declined by more than 25 percent in the past five years. The shortfall in milk production is estimated to be 13 million tonnes a year. These major deficits in milk availability offer an opportunity for India to fill this vacuum and to become leading dairy exporting nations. Potential for value added products Ethnic Indian dairy products like Sweets Shreekhand, Rusgulla, Khoya and Ready-to-Eat-Kheer, Haluwa, etc. have good demand in the countries where ethnic Indian population is settled. For promotion of these products, we require export worthy consumer packing, which also improves the shelf-life of the product. South East Asia, Russia and Africa will be the emerging market for Indian dairy products. Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector APEDA has initiated following steps to increase export of dairy products: Standards have been laid down for export of dairy products APEDA is offering subsidies for implementation of HACCP and ISO 9000, installation and upgradation of laboratories and market promotion through sending of samples, printing of catalogue brochures and brand publicity through advertisement etc. under it’s plan scheme. Export market development will depend on ensuring the quality. This will require that exporters ensure quality from the milk animals to the port and beyond. To build the quality, mechanized dairy fanning requires encouragement with export oriented processing facilities. Manufacturing units linked by contract with large scale producers, can ensure of quality raw material necessary to enter and maintain the position in the international market. It is the cow milk which is recognized in the international market. Since India is producing more of buffaloe milk, there is a need for generic promotion of buffaloe milk. Many countries in the world do not import milk products from India since India is reporting many livestock diseases particularly FMD. Efforts are, therefore, needed to control and eradicate FMD at least in major milk producing States. Creation of chilling facilities at block level village level and transportation of liquid milk to processing units in reefer units . NATIONAL DAIRY DEVELOPMENT BOARD (NDDB) The National Dairy Development Board was created to promote, finance and support to the following: 1- Producer owned and controlled organizations. NDDB’s programmes and activities. 2- Seek to strengthen farmer to support national policies that are favorable. 3- To the growth of such institutions. Fundamental to NDDB’s efforts are co-operative principles and the Anand Pattern Co-operatives of Cooperation. The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was founded to replace exploitation with empowerment, tradition with modernity, stagnation with growth, transforming dairying into an instrument for the development of India’s rural people. Policies in Milk Milk Products Milk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) regulates milk and milk products production in the country. The order requires no permission for units handling less than 10,000 litres of liquid milk per day or milk solids upto 500 tpa. Mi lk and Milk Products Order (MMPO) regulates mi lk and mi lk products production in the country. A l l t h e m i l k p r o d u c t s except malted foods are covered in the category o f i n d u s t r i e s f o r wh i c h f o r e i g n e q u i t y participation upto 51% is automatically allowed. 1 8 Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector All the milk products except malted foods are covered in the category of industries for which foreign equity participation upto 51% is automatically allowed. Icecream, which was earlier reserved for manufacturing in the small scale sector, has now been dereserved. As such, no license is required for setting up of large scale production facilities for manufacture of ice cream. Subsequent to dechannelisation exports of some milk based products are freely allowed provided these units comply with the compulsory inspection requirements of concerned agencies like: National Dairy Development Board, Export Inspection Council etc. Bureau of Indian standards has prescribed the necessary standards for almost all milk based products, which are to be adhered to by the industry. Regulatory Environment in the Dairy Processing Sector in India The Indian processed dairy industry has grown and diversified enormously in the last few years. To ensure the proper development and growth of this industrial sector, the Government of India has instituted various laws and regulations. The various regulations that govern the dairy processing industry can broadly be classified into: Compulsory Legislation Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 This Act is the basic statute that is intended to protect the common consumer against the supply of adulterated food. This specifies different standards for various food articles. The standards are in terms of minimum quality levelsTechnology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector 1 9 intended for ensuring safety in the consumption of these food items and for safeguarding against harmful impurities and adulteration. The Central Committee for Food Standards, under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, is responsible for the operation of this Act. The provisions of the Act are mandatory and contravention of the rules can lead to both fines and imprisonment. Milk and Milk Product Order (MMPO). 1992 The Milk and Milk Product Order (MMPO), 1992, issued on June 9, 1992 seeks to ensure the supply of liquid milk, an essential commodity, to consumers by regulating its processing and distribution. Within eight years of its operation, the Central/State Registering Authorities have till December 2000 registered 666 units with a total processing capacity of 65. 8 million litres per day (mlpd). Salient Features of the MMPO Order include the following: – Registrations for units handling up to 75,000 litres of milk per day are granted by the State Governments and units with more than 75,000 litres per day capacity are registered by the Central Registering Authority. – The Certificate also specifies the milkshed area, which, under the order is defined as a geographical area demarcated by the Registering Authority for the collection of milk by the registered unit. – Maintenance of specified hygienic conditions in the premises where milk and milk products are handled, processed, manufactured or stored. 2 0 Technology Export Potential of Milk and Dairy Sector The collection, transportation and processing of milk normally centres around the operations of a processing plant. The region from which the marketable surplus of milk production finds its way to a processing plant is called.